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Mission San Diego de Alcalá

Coordinates: 32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639
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"Mission San Diego" redirects here. For the San Diego Trolley station, see Mission San Diego station.

Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
The church façade of Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located in San Diego
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Location in San Diego
Location10818 San Diego Mission Rd.
San Diego, California 92108-2429
Coordinates32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639
Name as foundedLa Misión San Diego de Alcalá[1]
English translationThe Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá[2]
PatronSaint Didacus of Alcalá[1]
Nickname(s)"Mother of the Alta California Missions"[3]
Founding dateJuly 16, 1769[4]
Founding priest(s)Father Presidente Junípero Serra [5]
Built1769
ArchitectFr. Jose Bernardo Sanchez
Founding OrderFirst[2]
Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System1769–1771[6]
Military districtFirst[7][8]
Native tribe(s)
Spanish name(s)		Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai)[4]
Diegueño[4]
Native place name(s)Kosoi, Nipawai[9]
Baptisms6,522[10]
Confirmations1,379[11]
Marriages1,794[10]
Burials4,322[10]
Neophyte population1,455[10][12]
Secularized1834[2]
Returned to the Church1862[2]
Governing bodyRoman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
Current useParish Church
Official name: San Diego Mission Church
DesignatedApril 15, 1970[13]
Reference no.70000144[13]
DesignatedApril 15, 1970[14]
Reference no.#242
DesignatedOctober 6, 1976[15]
Reference no.113
Website
missionsandiego.org

Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá (Spanish: Misión San Diego de Alcalá, lit. The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá) was the second Franciscan founded mission in the Californias (after San Fernando de Velicata), a province of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, it was founded on July 16, 1769, by Spanish friar Junípero Serra, in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The current church, built in the early 19th century, is the fifth to stand on this location.[16][17] The mission site is a National Historic Landmark.[14][18]

The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic saint Didacus of Alcalá, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California. The original mission burned in 1775 during an uprising by local natives.[19] San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luis Jayme, California's first Christian martyr who was among those killed during the 1775 uprising against the mission,[19] lies entombed beneath the chancel floor.

History

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The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the Diegueño;[20] the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.[21] Relatively, much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who explored the coast in the service of Spain. He documented his in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542.[22] Cabrillo was the first European to set foot in what is now the state of California and the first to encounter San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542, the ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "San Miguel".[23] During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the San Diego, Santo Tomás, and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "San Diego de Alcalá".[24][25] It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego.

Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ("New Spain") to Roman Catholicism to save souls and to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.[26] In 1769, Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey (see Timeline of the Portolà expedition), thereby securing Spain's claim to the Pacific coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino.[27] Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja California peninsula.[28][29]

The original mission church was destroyed by fire in 1775 during an uprising by local indigenous people.[30] An estimated 800 "American Indians" pillaged the mission, burned it to the ground and massacred a blacksmith, a carpenter (mortally wounded), and Father Jayme, who became California's first Catholic Martyr.[19] Father Jayme is buried next to the altar in the present church.[19] Survivors of the night-long attack were one corporal and three Leather Jacket soldiers, one blacksmith, two children who were the son and nephew of the Presidio commandant, and Associate Pastor Father Vicente Fuster.[19] Father Serra then returned to the site of the original structure in 1776 to oversee the rebuilding of the mission.[19] However, the scarce amount of water and the difficulty of making the land until[19] (feasible for preparing crops to be planted by plowing and fertilizing) [31] made the re-establishment of the mission a long and difficult process.[19] From 1778 to 1795, the mission focused on horse and mule breeding, providing other missions in Alta and Baja California an average of 16 animals per year.[19] After it was restored as a Catholic mission, Mission San Diego de Alcalá saw a record number of spiritual results recorded when 567 baptisms were performed, and neophytes numbered 908.[19]

Rancho period (1834–1849)

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On August 9, 1834, Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation".[32] The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain. On June 8, 1846, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico "for services rendered to the government."[33] After the United States invaded California, the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862.[citation needed]

Plaque of Mission San Diego de Alcala

California statehood (1850–1900)

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President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862, that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.[34][35] When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings.[citation needed]

20th century and beyond (1901 – present)

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Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego. In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica.[18]

Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits, near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15, and approximately one mile east of Snapdragon Stadium.

Other historic designations

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  • California Historical Landmark #242
  • California Historical Landmark #784 – El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
  • City of San Diego Historic Designation #113

Mission industries

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The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego.[36]

The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and much more. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to men, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.[37] Wheat, corn, wine grapes, barley, beans, cattle, horses, and sheep were the major crops at San Diego. In 1795, construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the first irrigation project in Upper California).[38] The building manager was Fray Pedro Panto, who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed.[39] In his testimony, in the trial that followed, Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto.[40]

The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant, encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego, as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove. While not exact, its boundaries are roughly Interstate 805, Miramar Road, California State Route 125, Skyline Drive and Division Street. Boundary Street (which parallels Interstate 805 in the neighborhood of North Park) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it.[citation needed]

Wine

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See also: History of California wine

The first vineyards planted in California were planted at the mission in 1769.[41] Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines.[42] The vines were of the Mission variety, which were brought to Mexico in the 16th century.[43] Unfortunately, the initial plantings did not survive, with Mission San Juan Capistrano having the first surviving plantings.[44] By at least 1781, wine was being produced at the mission.[45] One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres.[46] The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823.[47]

[edit]
  • Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
    Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
  • A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ("bell tower"), before it was reduced to rubble. The painting also shows the enclosed front portico.
    A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ("bell tower"), before it was reduced to rubble. The painting also shows the enclosed front portico.
  • The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the United States General Land Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23, 1862.[48]
    The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the United States General Land Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23, 1862.[48]
  • President Abraham Lincoln's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862. This is one of the few documents that the President signed as "A. Lincoln" instead of his customary "Abraham Lincoln".
    President Abraham Lincoln's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862. This is one of the few documents that the President signed as "A. Lincoln" instead of his customary "Abraham Lincoln". [34]
  • Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900. Note the missing Campanario, and the exposed church, which fell into disrepair.
    Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900. Note the missing Campanario, and the exposed church, which fell into disrepair.
  • Aerial view of the Mission, 2011
    Aerial view of the Mission, 2011

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Leffingwell, p. 17
  2. ^ a b c d Krell, p. 71
  3. ^ Young, p. 14
  4. ^ a b c Yenne, p. 24
  5. ^ Ruscin, p. 196
  6. ^ Yenne, p. 186
  7. ^ Forbes, p. 202
  8. ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228 "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel..."
  9. ^ Ruscin, p. 195
  10. ^ a b c d Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
  11. ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301: as of December 31, 1832. An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1, 1833 and December 31, 1841.
  12. ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301. 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission (1,829), whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population was ninety seven neophyte. It was seen in 1774.
  13. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  14. ^ a b "San Diego Mission Church". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  15. ^ "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego.
  16. ^ Snell, Charles (September 4, 1976). "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places – Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  17. ^ "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). Photographs. National Park Service. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  18. ^ a b "Questions & Answers – Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá". Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History". Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá.
  20. ^ Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in Baja California).
  21. ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas, the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.
  22. ^ Yenne, p. 8
  23. ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."
  24. ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6–9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day".
  25. ^ Davidson, p. 2: "Sebastian Vizcaino, entering November 11–12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port."
  26. ^ Morrison, p. 214
  27. ^ Yenne, p. 10
  28. ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 9
  29. ^ Yenne, p. 10: In January 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé, followed a month later by the San Antonio, which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the San José, left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.
  30. ^ "San Diego Mission Church (San Diego de Alcala)--Early History of the California Coast--A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary".
  31. ^ "Till Definitions | What does till mean? | Best 29 Definitions of till".
  32. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
  33. ^ Leffingwell, p. 19
  34. ^ a b Engelhardt 1920, p. 348
  35. ^ Robinson, pp. 31–32: Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop J.S. Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19, 1853.
  36. ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 223. From the '"California Archives, State Papers, Missions, vol. vi, p. 180.
  37. ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
  38. ^ Hall, William Hammond (1888). Irrigation in California (Southern): The Field, Water-supply, and Works, Organization and Operation in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties. California. Office of State Engineer. p. 85. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  39. ^ Smythe, William Ellsworth (1907). History of San Diego, 1542–1907: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States. History Company. p. 77. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  40. ^ McCormack, Brian T. (January 1, 2007). "Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 16 (3): 391–415. doi:10.1353/sex.2007.0070. ISSN 1535-3605. PMID 19256092. S2CID 36532399.
  41. ^ Dailey, Keli (August 29, 2012). "Winery guide: San Diego County, uncorked". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Never mind that the original Golden State vines broke ground at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and became Father Junipero Serra's Communion wine.
    Richard Vine; Bruce Bordelon; Ellen M. Harkness; Theresa Browning (June 29, 2013). Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4757-2656-5.
    Wycoff, Ann (September 23, 2016). "The Ultimate San Diego Wine Guide". San Diego Magazine. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  42. ^ Jean L. Jacobson (June 14, 2006). Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-387-25120-2.
    Ian S Hornsey (October 9, 2015). The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-78262-631-2.
    LaMar, Jim (August 25, 2002). "Mission". Professional Friends of Wine. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2017. More than a century later, Franciscan friar Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California, at Mission San Diego, in 1769.
  43. ^ "Mission". Calwineries Inc. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century. The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes.
  44. ^ Charles L. Sullivan (October 1, 1998). A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present. University of California Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-520-92087-3.
  45. ^ Dwight Furrow; Lynn Furrow (November 22, 2014). San Diego, Wine Country: A Tasting Guide. BookBaby. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4835-4599-8.
  46. ^ "The Winery". Social Studies Fact Cards. Toucan Valley Publications, Inc. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Several missions became known for their wine. Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines.
  47. ^ Lynne Newell Christenson; Ellen L. Sweet (2008). Ranchos of San Diego County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7385-5965-0.
  48. ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 346

References

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  • Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1880–1884). History of California, vols. i–vii (1542–1890). The History Company, San Francisco.
  • Chapman, Charles E. (1921). A History of California; The Spanish Period. The MacMillan Company, New York.
  • Davidson, Winifred (January 1955). "San Diego in One Easy Lesson". The Journal of San Diego History. 1 (1): 2–3.
  • Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1920). San Diego Mission. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1922). San Juan Capistrano Mission. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London.
  • Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A., eds. (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altimira Press, Landham, MD. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
  • Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park. ISBN 0-376-05172-8.
  • Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 0-89658-492-5.
  • Morrison, Hugh (1987). Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 0-486-25492-5.
  • Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley. ISBN 1-890771-13-9.
  • Robinson, W.W. (1948). Land in California. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
  • Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.
  • Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995). Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art. The Irvine Museum, Irvine, CA. ISBN 0-9635468-5-6.
  • Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
  • Young, Stanley & Melba Levick (1988). The Missions of California. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.
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